The development status of laser metal cutting machines
Publishing time.
Nov 17,2020
Compared with traditional cutting processes such as oxygen-acetylene and plasma cutting, laser metal cutting machines have advantages such as fast cutting speed, narrow cutting seams, small heat-affected zones, good verticality, and smooth cutting edges. At the same time, laser metal cutting machines can cut a variety of materials, including carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, wood, plastic, rubber, fabric, ceramics, glass, and composite materials. Currently, the overall level of laser cutting technology in our country still has a significant gap compared to advanced countries. Therefore, laser cutting technology has broad development prospects and huge application space in the domestic market.
Compared with traditional cutting processes such as oxygen-acetylene and plasma, laser metal cutting machines have advantages such as fast cutting speed, narrow cutting seams, small heat-affected zones, good perpendicularity, and smooth cutting edges. At the same time, the materials that laser metal cutting machines can cut include a variety of materials such as carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, wood, plastic, rubber, fabric, ceramics, glass, and composite materials. Currently, there is still a significant gap between the overall level of laser cutting technology in our country and that of advanced countries. Therefore, laser cutting technology has broad development prospects and huge application space in the domestic market.
During the cutting process of the laser metal cutting machine, the beam is focused into a small focal point through the lens of the cutting head, achieving a high power density at the focal point, with the cutting head fixed on the Z-axis. At this time, the heat input from the beam far exceeds the portion of heat reflected, conducted, or diffused by the material, and the material is rapidly heated to melting and vaporization temperatures. Meanwhile, high-speed airflow blows the melted and evaporated material from the coaxial or non-coaxial side, forming holes for cutting the material. As the focal point moves relative to the material, a continuous narrow slit is formed, and the material is cut.
Due to manufacturing costs and other reasons, the laser beam emitted by civilian laser generators has a certain divergence angle, forming a "conical" shape. When the height of the "cone" changes (equivalent to a change in the optical path length of the laser metal cutting machine), the cross-sectional area of the beam on the surface of the focusing lens also changes. In addition, light also has wave properties, so diffraction phenomena inevitably occur, causing the beam to expand laterally during propagation. This phenomenon exists in all optical systems and can determine the theoretical limits of these systems in terms of performance. Since Gaussian beams are conical and diffracted by light waves, the diameter of the beam acting on the surface of the lens changes at all times when the optical path length changes, which causes changes in the size and depth of the focal point, but has little effect on the position of the focal point. If the size and depth of the focal point change during continuous processing, it will inevitably have a significant impact on the processing, such as causing inconsistent cutting seam widths, and not penetrating or ablating the plate at the same cutting power.
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